Victorian Era

A major aspect of the Victorian Era, which lasted from 1831 to 1901, was the dramatic increase in population.  The population in England increased by almost 20 million people.  As you would imagine, this is attributed to increases in the fertility rate and decreases in the morality rate.
A major reason these statistics went the way they did was due to the fact that this time period was one of the first that didn't have a serious epidemic.  Populations had been decimated for years due to plagues, but the Victorian Era avoided this issue.  This lead to a drastic increase in population, which then increased economic success and diversity.  This rise in the number of people is a major aspect of the Victorian Era.